Macam-Macam Organisasi Internasional

Macam-Macam Organisasi Internasional. Hiii sobat pasti sudah pernah mendengar kata PBB atau WHO kan? kedua kata itu adalah sebuah singkatan untuk Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa, atau bahasa inggrisnya United Nations (UN) kalau di Indonesia jadi PBB. Sedangkan WHO adalah world health organization, yang merupakan sebuah organisasi internasional yang mengurusi kesehatan.

Apa itu Organisasi Internasional?

Kalau manurut Wikipedia,  Organisasi internasional merupakan organisasi dengan keanggotaan dan cakupan Internasional (sedunia).

Kalau Menurut Britannica, Organisasi Internasional merupakan sebuah lembaga yang keanggotaannya terdiri dari setidaknya tiga negara, memiliki kegiatan di beberapa negara, dan yang anggotanya diikat oleh perjanjian formal. Beberapa memiliki tujuan di seluruh dunia atau regional (misalnya, Uni Eropa), dan beberapa memiliki tujuan tunggal (misalnya, World Intellectual Property Organization). Adanya saling ketergantungan antara negara-negara, yang pada gilirannya telah mendorong perlunya kerjasama untuk mengatasi masalah-masalah internasional dan global.

Macam-Macam Organisasi Internasional

Berikut ini adalah daftar beberapa organisasi internasional yang beberapa diantaranya pasti sudah tidak asing ditelinga kita, karena sudah pernah kita pelajari di bangku sekolah.

• Perserikatan Bangsa Bangsa (PBB) / United Nations (UN)
• World Health Organization (WHO), Lembaga Kesehatan Dunia
• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Organisasi pangan Sedunia
• United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), organisasi Pendidikan dan kebudayaan Dunia
• International Labour Organization (ILO), Organisasi Buruh Internasional
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
• Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Indonesia merupakan salah satu anggota ASEAN yang cukup berpengaruh)

Dan Masih banyak lagi macam-macam organisasi internasional selain yang sudah disebutkan diatas, berikut ini saya tampilkan semua daftarnya dalam versi aslinya, termasuk beberapa sudah dilengkapi dengan nama ketua organisasinya:

UN organizations

• Food and Agriculture Organization

• Director-General - José Graziano da Silva, Brazil (2012–present)

• International Atomic Energy Agency

• Director-General - Yukiya Amano, Japan (2009–present)

• International Civil Aviation Organization

• President of the Council - Roberto Kobeh Gonzalez, Mexico (2006–present)

• Secretary-General - Raymond Benjamin, France (2009–present)

• International Labour Organization

• Director-General - Guy Ryder, UK (2012–present)

• United Nations

• Secretary-General - Ban Ki Moon, South Korea (2007–present)

• President of the General Assembly - Nassir Al-Nasser, Qatar (2011–2012)

• Security Council members - China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States (permanent members); Azerbaijan,Guatemala, Morocco, Pakistan, Togo (elected for 2012–2013); Argentina, Australia, Republic of Korea, Luxembourg, Rwanda(elected for 2013–2014)

• United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

• Executive Director - Anthony Lake, United States (2010–present)

• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

• Director-General - Irina Bokova, Bulgaria (2009–present)

• United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

• High Commissioner - Navanethem Pillay, South Africa (2008–present)

• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

• High Commissioner - António Guterres, Portugal (2005–present)

• United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

• Director-general - Kandeh Yumkella, Sierra Leone (2005–present)

• World Food Programme (WFP)

• Executive Director - Josette Sheeran, United States (2007–present)

• World Health Organization (WHO)

• Director-General - Margaret Chan, China (acting) (2007–present)

• World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

• President - Alexander Bedritsky, Russia (2003–present)

• Secretary-General - Michel Jarraud, France (2004–present)

• World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

• Secretary-General - Taleb Rifai, Jordan (2010–present)

Political and economic organizations 

African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) -Secretary-General - Mohamed Ibn Chambas, Ghana (2010–present)
African Union -
Chairperson - Yayi Boni, Benin, (2012–present)
Chairperson of the Commission - Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, South Africa (2012–present)
President of the Pan-African Parliament - Idriss Ndele Moussa, Chad (2009–present)
Andean Community -
Secretary-General - Adalid Contreras Baspineiro (Bolivia), (2010–present)
Arab League -
Secretary-General - Nabil Elaraby, Egypt (2011–present)
Arab Maghreb Union
Secretary-General - Habib Ben Yahia, Tunisia (2006–present)
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Executive Director - Muhamad Noor, Malaysia (2010–present)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) -
Secretary-General - Le Luong Minh, Vietnam (2013–present)
Caribbean Community -
Secretary-General - Lolita Applewhaite, Barbados (2011–present)
Central American Parliament -
President - Dorindo Cortéz, Panama (2010–present)
Common Market of East and Southern Africa (COMESA) -
Secretary-General - Sindiso Ngwenya, Zimbabwe (2008–present)
Commonwealth of Nations -
Head - Queen Elizabeth II (1952–present)
Secretary-General - Kamalesh Sharma, India (2008–present)
Commonwealth of Independent States
Executive Secretary - Sergei Lebedev, Russia (2007–present)
Council of Europe
Secretary General - Thorbjørn Jagland, Norway (2009–present)
President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) - Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, Turkey (2010–present)
President of the European Court of Human Rights - Jean-Paul Costa, France (2007–present)
East African Community -
Secretary-General - Richard Sezibera, Rwanda (2011–present)
Economic Community of West African States
President of the Commission - Victor Gbeho, Ghana (2010–present)
Chairman - Alassane Ouattara, Côte d'Ivoire (2012–present)
Eurasian Economic Community
Secretary-General - Tair Mansurov, Khazakstan (2007–present)
Chairman of the Interstate Council - Nursultan Nazarbayev, Kazakhstan (2001–present)
European Free Trade Association
Secretary-General - Kåre Bryn, Norway (2006–present)
European Union (EU)
Presidency of the European Council - Herman Van Rompuy (2009–present)
Presidency of the European Union Council
Ireland (2013)
President of the European Commission - José Manuel Barroso, Portugal (2004–present)
President of the European Parliament - Jerzy Buzek, Poland (2010–present)
Secretary-General of the Council and High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy - Catherine Ashton (2009–present)
President of the European Central Bank - Mario Draghi, Italy (2011–present)
European Ombudsman - Nikiforos Diamandouros, Greece (2003–present)
President of the Committee of the Regions (CoR) - Peter Straub, Germany (2004–present)
President of the European Investment Bank (EIB) - Werner Hoyer, Germany (2012–present)
President of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) - Vassilios Skouris, Greece (2003–present)
President of the European Court of Auditors - Hubert Weber, Austria (2005–present)
President of the Economic and Social Committee (ESC) - Anne-Marie Sigmund, Austria (2004–present)
Group of Eight (G8)
President (informal) - David Cameron, United Kingdom (2013)
Gulf Cooperation Council
Secretary-General - Abdul Rahman ibn Hamad al-Attiyah, Qatar (2002–present)
Ibero-American Secretariat (Segib)
Secretary-General - Enrique V. Iglesias, Uruguay (2005–present)
Indian Ocean Commission
Secretary-General - Monique Andreas Esoavekomandroso, Madagascar (2004–present)
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
Chairman - Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Iran (2012-present)
Nordic Council
Secretary-General - Jan-Erik Enestam, Finland (2007–present)
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
Secretary-General - Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Denmark (2009–present)
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Secretary-General - José Ángel Gurría, Mexico (2006–present)
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)
Secretary-General - Lamberto Zannier, Italy (2011–present)
Chairman-in-Office - Audronius Ažubalis, Lithuania (2011–present)
High Commissioner on National Minorities - Knut Vollebæk, Norway (2007–present)
Organization of American States
Secretary-General - José Miguel Insulza, Chile (2005–present)
Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
Director-General - Len Ishmael, Saint Lucia (2003–present)
Organisation of the Islamic Conference (from July 2011 known as the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation)
Secretary-General - Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, Turkey (2005–present)
Pacific Community
Director-General - Jimmie Rodgers, Solomon Islands (2006–present)
Pacific Islands Forum
Secretary-General - Tuiloma Neroni Slade, Samoa (2008–present)
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
Secretary-General - Bolat Nurgaliyev, Kazakhistan (2007–present)
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
Secretary-General - Ahmed Saleem, Maldives (2012–present)
Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur)
Director of the Executive Secretariat - Agustín Colombo Sierra, Argentina (2009–present)
Southern African Development Community
Executive Secretary - Tomaz Salomão, Mozambique (2005–present)
Union of South American Nations (Unasur/Unasul)
President - Bharrat Jagdeo, Guyana (2010–present)
Secretary-General - Alí Rodríguez Araque, Venezuela (2012–present)
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO)
Secretary-General - Ngawang Choephel, Tibet (2010–present)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
Director-General - Pascal Lamy, France (2005–present)

Financial organizationsAfrican Development Bank -
President - Donald Kaberuka, Rwanda (2005–present)
Asian Development Bank -
President - Haruhiko Kuroda, Japan (2005–present)
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
President - Suma Chakrabarti, India (2012–present)
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
President - Luis Alberto Moreno, Colombia (2005–present)
International Monetary Fund
Managing Director - Christine Lagarde, France (2011–present)
Islamic Development Bank (IDB)
President - Ahmad Mohamed Ali, Saudi Arabia (1975–present)
World Bank
President - Jim Yong Kim, Korea (June 2012 Onwards)
[edit]Sports organizations
Asian Football Confederation (AFC)
President - Zhang Jilong, China (2011–present)
Confédération africaine de football (CAF)
President - Issa Hayatou, Cameroon (1988–present)
Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF)
President - Alfredo Hawit, Honduras (2011–present)
Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL)
President - Nicolas Leoz, Paraguay (1986–present)
Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE)
President - Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, Russian Federation (1995–present)
Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)
President - Sepp Blatter, Switzerland (1998–present)
International Cricket Council (ICC)
President - Alan Isaac, New Zealand (2012–present)
International Olympic Committee (IOC)
President - Jacques Rogge, Belgium (2001–present)
International Paralympic Committee (IPC)
President - Philip Craven, United Kingdom (2001–present)
International Rugby Board (IRB)
President - Syd Millar, Ireland (2003–present)
Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)
President - Reynald Temarii, Tahiti (2004–present)
Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)
President - Michel Platini, France (2007–present)

Other organizationsAntarctic Treaty
Executive Secretary - Jan Huber, Netherlands (2004–present)
Colombo Plan -
Secretary-General - Patricia Yoon-Moi Chia, Malaysia (2007–present)
Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)
Executive Secretary - Murade Isaac Miguigy Murargy, Mozambique (2012–present)
EDU - Intergovernmental Organization (EDU)
Secretary-General - G.Irving Levance, (2011–present)[1]
La Francophonie
Secretary-General - Abdou Diouf, Senegal (2003–present)
Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD)
Executive Secretary - Mahboub Maalim, Kenya (2008–present)
International Committee of the Red Cross
President - Jakob Kellenberger, Switzerland (2000–present)
International Court of Justice
President - Hisashi Owada, Japan (2009–present)
International Criminal Court
President - Song Sang-Hyun, South Korea (2009–present)
International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol)
Secretary-General - Ronald Noble, United States (2000–present)
President - Mireille Ballestrazzi, France (2012–present)
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
President - Tadateru Konoé, Japan (2009–present)
International Maritime Organization
Secretary-General - Efthimios E. Mitropoulos, Greece (2004–present)
International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Director-general - William Lacy Swing, United States (2008–present)
International Telecommunication Union
Secretary-General - Hamadoun Touré, Mali (2007–present)
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
Director-General - Ahmet Üzümcü, Turkey (2010–present)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Secretary-General -
Edmund Daukoru, Nigeria, acting (2006–present)
Mohammed S. Barkindo, Nigeria, acting for Daukoru (2006–present)
Universal Postal Union
Director-General - Édouard Dayan, France (2005–present)
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
Director-General - Francis Gurry (2008–present) 
Sumber:Wikipedia

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MATERI SMA KELAS XII (BAHASA INGGRIS KELAS XII)

 PETA MATERI

KELAS XII SEMESTER I
         Percakapan                                      Teks fungsional                          Monolog

• Suggestion                                            banner                                     NARRATIVE
• Attitude                                                  poster                                    EXPLANATION
• Complain                                           pamphlet dll                                DISCUSSION
• Possibility & Probablity
• Giving Order
• Confession
• Promises
• Accusing
• Blaming
• Expression Curiousity
• Wish 

M O D U L CETAK

Standar Kompetensi     : 5. Memahami makna teks fungsional pendek dan esai sederhana

                                       berbentuk narrative, explanation dan discussion dalam konteks

                                       kehidupan sehari-hari dan untuk mengakses ilmu pengetahuan

Kompetensi Dasar        :5.2 Merespon makna dan langkah retorika dalam esai yang

                                       menggunakan ragam bahasa tulis secara akurat, lancar dan

                                       berterima dalam konteks kehidupan sehari-hari dan untuk

                                       mengakses ilmu pengetahuan dalam teks berbentuk : narrative,

                                       explanation dan discussion.

Alokasi Waktu               :  12 x  45 menit

Materi Pembelajaran    :    -   Teks tertulis narrative

   -     Teks tertulis explanation

   -     Teks tertulis discussion

Indikator                        :

·           Mengidentifikasi makna kata dalam teks yang dibaca

·           Mengidentifikasi makna kalimat dalam teks yang dibaca

·           Mengpdentifikasi komplikasi dalam sebuah cerita narasi

·           Mengidentifikasi kejadian dalam teks yang dibaca

·           Mengidentifikasi proses sebuah peristiwa

·           Mengidentifikasi argumen yang pro dan kontra dalam teks

·           Mengidentifikasi langkah-langkah retorika dari teks

·           Mengidentifikasi tujuan komunikasi dari teks yang dibaca

Materi pokok / Uraian materi

Memahami makna teks  fungsional pendek dan esai sederhana berbentuk narrative

Kegiatan              : merespon makna dan langkah retorika dengan bahasa tulis dalam teks

                               berbentuk narrative

Tujuan :

1.Mengidentifikasi makna kata dalam teks yang dibaca

2.Mengidentifikasi makna kalimat dalam teks yang dibaca

3.Mengidentifikasi komplikasi dalam sebuah cerita narasi

4.Mengidentifikasi langkah-langkah retorika dari teks

5.Mengidentifikasi tujuan komunikasi dari teks yang dibaca

Sumber bacaan

                   Look ahead 3

                   An english course for senior high school students year XII

v  Text  Narrative

The wind and the sun

               One day the wind and the sun were disputing which was stronger. Suddenly they saw the traveller coming down the road.

The sun           :       I see a way to decide our dispute. Whichever of us can cause that

                                 Traveller to take off his cloak shall be regarded as the strongest.

The wind          :       Would you mind not talking so loudly ?

The sun            :       Sorry. Okay , you begin . I will retire behind a cloud .

The wind          :       I will blow as hard as I can and I will be the winner

The sun            :       Okay . Good luck.

The  wind         :       zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz I’m so tired. What is happening to me ? I shouldn’t

                                  give up. I have to blow harder . zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz.

              But the harder he blew the closer the traveller wrapped his cloak around him. Till at last the wind had to give up in despair.

              Then the sun came out and shone in all his glory upon the traveler, who soon found it too hot to walk with his cloak on .  

             

Narrative Text

·         Purpose            :         to amuse or entertain the readers

·         Text organization :

§  Orientation

§  Complication

§  Resolution

·         Language Features :

§  Simple past tense

                     Pattern

                    

                     ( + ) S + was / were + Adjective, adverb/noun

                    

                    

                     Examples :

                    

                      One day the Wind and  the Sun were disputing which  was stonger

                         S   +    V 2   +   O

                     Examples :

·           They saw a traveler coming down the road

·           The harder he blew the closer he wrapped

·           The sun came out

§  Indirect speech : use present tense .

 Answer the following questions !

1.   How many figures are there ? Mention them !

2.   Why were they disputing ?

3.   What did they do when they saw a traveller coming down the road ?

4.   Why did the Wind give up in despair ?

5.   Which one is stronger, the Wind or the Sun ?

6.   What can we learn from the story above ?

7.   Identify which sentences are :

Orientation               :        ............................................................

Complication             :        ............................................................

Resolution                :        ............................................................

8.   Find the synonim on the text above : fight : ..............     the street  :   .................

                                                              Start : .............     occur        :   .................

                                                              Yet   :  ............   stop         :   .................

                                                              Hopeless : .....    Step        :   .................

Memahami makna teks  fungsional pendek dan esai sederhana berbentuk explanation

Kegiatan              : merespon makna dan langkah retorika dengan bahasa tulis dalam teks

                               berbentuk explanation

Tujuan :

1.Mengidentifikasi makna kata dalam teks yang dibaca

2.Mengidentifikasi makna kalimat dalam teks yang dibaca

3.Mengidentifikasi proses sebuah peristiwa

4.Mengidentifikasi langkah-langkah retorika dari teks

5.Mengidentifikasi tujuan komunikasi dari teks yang dibaca

Sumber bacaan

                  

                   Look ahead 3

                   An english course for senior high school students year XII

v  Text Explanation

Making Paper From Woodchips

              Do you have any paper in your bag ? it may be a silly question but do you  know how to make paper ? What is paper made of ? right. And how about woodchipping ? have you heard about it ? Well, wood chipping is a process used  to obtain pulp and paper products from the trees.

              First of all,  the tops and branches of the trees are cut out and then the logs are taken out to the mill. At the mill, the bark of the logs is removed and the logs are taken to a chipper which cuts them into small pieces called woodchips. The woodchips are then screened to remove dirt and other impurities. At this stage they are exported in this form or changed into the pulp by chemicals and heat. Then the pulp is bleached and the water content is removed. Finally, the pulp is rolled out to make paper.

              Considering the complexity of making paper, let’s use any paper on our   hands more effectively.

Explanation Text

·         Purpose            :         to explain the process involved in the formation and working of

     natural or sociocultural phenomena

·         Text organization :

§  A general statement to position the reader

§  A sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs

§  Closing

·         Language Features :

§  Simple present tense

                     Pattern

                    

                     ( + ) S + is/am/are + Adjective, adverb/noun

                    

                    

                     Example :

                    

                      Woodchipping is a process used to obtain pulp (p.1 )

                         S +  V1 (s/es ) + O

§  Passive voice

                           S + is/am /are + V3

                     Example :

                     The top and the branches of the trees are cut out

                     The logs are taken to the mill

                     The barks of the logs is removed

                     The woodchips are screened

                     The pulp is bleached

                     The pulp is rolled out to make paper

§  Sentence conectors

                     First.................

                     Then......................

                     After that.......................

                     Next.......................

                     Meanwhile .....................

                     Later...................................

                     Finally ..........................

Answer the following questions !

1.   Find the synonim of the words below on the text above :

      Posses :..................     Stupid  :............................  yet      : ........................

      Listen   : ...................    get       : ............................ bring   : ...................

      Alter     : ....................  .lastly    : ............................

2 . Find the antonym of the words below on the text above

     Smart         >< .........................big   >< ................. cold   >< .....................

     Remember >< ....................   .false >< ..................never >< .................

3.  Identify in which paragraph are general statement, sequenced explanation and closing .?

4. What is the purpose of the text ?

5. What are woodchips ?

6. Tell us the process of making paper with your own word !

  

Memahami makna teks  fungsional pendek dan esai sederhana berbentuk

discussion

Kegiatan              : merespon makna dan langkah retorika dengan bahasa tulis dalam teks

                               berbentuk discussion

Tujuan :

1.Mengidentifikasi makna kata dalam teks yang dibaca

2.Mengidentifikasi makna kalimat dalam teks yang dibaca

3.Mengidentifikasi proses sebuah peristiwa

4.Mengidentifikasi langkah-langkah retorika dari teks

5.Mengidentifikasi tujuan komunikasi dari teks yang dibaca

Sumber bacaan

                  

                   Look ahead 3

 Materi pokok / Uraian materi

v  Text Discussion

The controversy of harnessing solar energy

              We often hear about solar cars, solar heating and solar batteries. But will solar energy ever be the major source of energy for society ?

              Solar energy is cheaper than other fossil fuels because we can get an abundant source from the sun.

              In sunny desert areas, 50% of the sun’s radiation that reaches the ground could be used to produce electricity for business and industry, to provide heat, light, and hot water for homes. Experimental solar ponds can also produce hot water  to drive generators.

              Unfortunately, we can’t yet power our homes entirely on sunlight.

              Solar energy can only be used effectively in bright light. Its greatest potential therefore is in hot countries that have clear skies for most of the year. But, unfortunately most houses are not always in the sunniest part of the world. Moreover, in order to harness solar power , solar cells are needed to convert sunlight directly into electricity. Solar cells are very cheap to run, but relatively expensive to buy and many people can’t afford them.

              Needless to say, solar energy is useful and non pollution source of energy. However, solar cells the main device to harness the sun’s energy are still very expensive.

Discussion Text

·         Purpose            :         to present information and opinions about more than one side

                                   of an issue ( for pins and against points )

·         Text organization :

§  Opening statement presenting the issue

§  Argumentts for different points of view ( pros and cons )

§  Conclusion

·         Language Features :

§  The use of general nouns

Example : alcohol, abortion, smoking, drugs etc

§  The use of thinking verbs

Example : think, feel, hope, believe etc

§   The use of additive connective

Example : in addition, furthermore, besides etc

§  The use o contrastive connectives

Example : although, nevertheless even if etc.

Answer the questions below !

1.   Find the synonim of the words below on the text above :

Listen    :..................     main  :............................  sun      : ........................

     obtain   : ...................   plentiful      : ..................... unluckily   : ...................

     merely     : ....................change    : ....................... purchase :

     equipment : .......................

2 . Find the antonym of the words below on the text above

     expensive        >< ...............  unable   >< ................. cold   >< .....................

     dark >< ....................   .indirectly >< ..................never >< .................

3.  Identify  which one is

The title                     : ...........................................................................................................

The issue                  :............................................................................................................

Argument for            : .........................................................................................................

Argument against     : ...............................................................................................

Conclusion               : .........................................................................................................

4. What is the purpose of the text ?

5. What do you call this kind of text ?

6. What do you think of the speakers attitude ? partial or impartial ? How do you know ?

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